Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Assay for Genetic Identification of Lophophora williamsii*

Lophophora is a member of the Cactaceae family, which contains two species: Lophophora williamsii and L. diffusa. Lophophora williamsii is an illegal plant containing mescaline, a hallucinogenic alkaloid. In this study, a novel method based on a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assay was developed for identifying L. williamsii; this assay reliably detects SNPs within chloroplast DNA (rbcL, matK, and trnL-trnF IGS) and was validated for identifying Lophophora and L. williamsii simultaneously. The chloroplast DNA sequences from four L. williamsii and three L. diffusa plants were obtained and compared using DNA sequence data from approximately 300 other Cactaceae species available in GenBank. From this sequence data, a total of seven SNPs were determined to be suitable for identifying L. williamsii. A multiplex assay was constructed using the ABI PRISM^® SNaPshot™ Multiplex Kit (Applied Biosystems, Forster City, CA) to analyze species-specific SNPs. Using this multiplex assay, we clearly distinguished the Lophophora among 19 species in the Cactaceae family. Additionally, L. williamsii was distinguished from L. diffusa. These results suggest that the newly developed assay may help resolve crimes related to illegal distribution and use. This multiplex assay will be useful for the genetic identification of L. williamsii and can complement conventional methods of detecting mescaline.     

注重考试环节提高教学质量

考试是教学的重要环节,不同的学科、不同的课程有不同的特点。命题应严格遵循全面考核,突出重点,理论联系实际,注重考查学生的实务操作能力这一原则。在试题内容上,应难易适度;在阅卷方式上,应根据题型的不同采用不同的判分标准;在应试技巧上,应教导学生要懂、吃透基础知识,学会总结典型题型。同时应加强学生考前模拟训练。     

What consideration sets can teach us about electoral competition: A two-hurdle model

Consideration set models (CSMs) offer a novel way to study electoral behavior. Until now, they have been mostly studied at the micro-level of the voter's decision process. By contrast, we focus on the implications of CSMs for understanding the phenomenon of party competition. We propose a two hurdle model whereby parties compete for both consideration and selection, pursuant the consideration and choice stages of the CSM. We operationalize these hurdles in terms of a party's inclusivity—is it being considered?—and exclusivity—is it considered on its own?—and formally derive lower- and upper-bounds for the electoral fortunes of the party. We also show how consideration set data can be used to sketch the competition landscape in an election and to characterize the system-wide competitiveness of a political system. We illustrate our concepts and ideas using data from the 2010 Dutch and 2014 Swedish parliamentary elections.     

How (often) do voters change their consideration sets?

The consideration set model posits that in multi-party elections voters decide in two stages. We expect that in the consideration stage, when voters select viable options, ideological proximity is a key determinant, while in the choice stage election-specific factors become particularly important. This would imply that consideration sets are rather stable and that changes in voting preferences occur mainly within ideologically coherent consideration sets. This study examines both claims by analyzing panel survey data from Sweden and the Netherlands. Consideration sets were indeed rather stable, more so than voting intentions. After one year, voters still considered the same party in 81% of cases and only 13% of respondents shifted between ideological camps. This indicates that voters changed electoral preferences primarily within the boundaries of relatively stable consideration sets and ideological camps. These findings help to understand how elections can be volatile, despite the strong impact of highly stable ideological orientations.     

辩护律师介入刑事审判后程序的法理思考

以法院庭审为界限，庭审之前的准备程序称为刑事审判前程序，庭审之后的程序，称为刑事审判后程序。这样划分的目的，是为了更好地对辩护律师开庭前后的诉讼活动进行区分。应将辩护律师在休庭后择日宣判、一审判决送达后到上诉程序启动前以及死刑复核等阶段的诉讼活动纳入到刑事审判后程序中，作为一个整体来思考，探究这一程序中辩护律师介入的立法缺陷、具体路径以及实践操作等层面的问题。     

控审分离原则之法理探析

作为近现代国家刑事诉讼中普遍认同的一项基本原则，控审分离有其丰富内涵，诉讼公正系其核心价值，而分权制衡、人权保障、程序主体性、诉讼经济理论以及相应的心理学原理构成其理论基础。     

网络安全诊断的物元模型

基于可拓集合的基本原理提出了网络物元概念,通过网络行为关联函数建立了风险诊断模型和风险预警模型。文章指出,网络行为安全属性可以划分为安全属性、风险属性和威胁属性,并且这三种属性具有动态与演化特征。研究表明,可拓集与关联度分析是网络安全分析与控制的有效工具。     

美国REITs对完善中国房地产信托法律的启示

采用资金型REITs发展模式的美国,经过近50年的发展已经成为全球最成熟的市场.本文在对我国房地产金融市场和初期REITs过程存在问题进行探讨的基础上,分析美国REITs成长性的成功原因,并探讨有利于我国REITs可持续发展的外延式扩张模式.     

组织他人偷越国(边)境罪司法认定若干问题解析

组织他人偷越国(边)境罪的"组织"包括集团犯罪、一般共同犯罪和单独犯罪,协助"组织"包括但不限于首要分子指挥下实施的拉拢、引诱、介绍;持用骗领的出入境证件而出入境属于"偷越",但要予以适当限定。本罪侵害的直接客体是我国的出入境许可制度,以被组织人通过实际国(边)界线或者边防检查为既遂标准。视不同情形,本罪与其他妨害出入境管理秩序犯罪分别形成牵连、吸收或者想象竞合关系。     

The Campesino-to-Campesino agroecology movement of ANAP in Cuba: social process methodology in the construction of sustainable peasant agriculture and food sovereignty

Agroecology has played a key role in helping Cuba survive the crisis caused by the collapse of the socialist bloc in Europe and the tightening of the US trade embargo. Cuban peasants have been able to boost food production without scarce and expensive imported agricultural chemicals by first substituting more ecological inputs for the no longer available imports, and then by making a transition to more agroecologically integrated and diverse farming systems. This was possible not so much because appropriate alternatives were made available, but rather because of the Campesino-a-Campesino (CAC) social process methodology that the National Association of Small Farmers (ANAP) used to build a grassroots agroecology movement. This paper was produced in a ‘self-study’ process spearheaded by ANAP and La Via Campesina, the international agrarian movement of which ANAP is a member. In it we document and analyze the history of the Campesino-to-Campesino Agroecology Movement (MACAC), and the significantly increased contribution of peasants to national food production in Cuba that was brought about, at least in part, due to this movement. Our key findings are (i) the spread of agroecology was rapid and successful largely due to the social process methodology and social movement dynamics, (ii) farming practices evolved over time and contributed to significantly increased relative and absolute production by the peasant sector, and (iii) those practices resulted in additional benefits including resilience to climate change.